Despite the large spatial distance of more than 1,200 km, passengers using either mode arrive approximately at the same time in Shanghai. Naturally, this is a rather specific example for China’s recent high-speed railway success story and cannot be transferred directly to other regions, as we discuss below.Ĭomparison of air transportation and high-speed rail for a trip from Beijing Capital Times Square to Shanghai Hongqiao in China. This shows that the competition range between HSR and air transportation has increased significantly over the years. Accordingly, many passengers take the HSR for trips between Beijing and Shanghai, given that (a) the ticket price for HSR is roughly one-third of the air fare and (b) the level of comfort (e.g., as measured by available space) is slightly higher. The travel time for both modes is almost identical, while the (ground) distance is more than 1,200 km. In Figure 1, we highlight an example for traveling between Beijing and Shanghai in China. Moreover, an often advertised effect of HSR is that it will be a key technology for greener transportation and railway stations are usually built closer to city centers than airports, which gives the HSR a travel time advantage over other transportation modes between 200 km and 1,000 km. While it is costly to plan, construct, operate, and maintain a HSR system, with billions of dollars, HSR has significant impacts on mobility patterns, economic development, energy consumption, land use of a country, and overall service quality. IntroductionĪfter long-lasting successes in Japan (Shinkansen), France (TGV), and Germany (ICE), HSR has seen further success stories in countries like China, Italy, Spain, and Korea several routes are under discussion in United States and United Kingdom. Among others, we see a need for the construction of an open-source dataset for large-scale multimodal transport systems, the comprehensive assessment of new emerging transport modes, and also taking into account the resilience of multimodal transport systems under disruption. As a major contribution, we propose a list of five challenges as a future research agenda on HSR/air transport competition and cooperation. Our meta-analysis reveals that the literature is highly controversial and the results vary substantially from one region to another, and a generalization is difficult, given route-specific characteristics, such as demand distribution, network structure, and evolution of transportation modes. This article synthesizes and discusses recently published studies in this area, while aiming to identify commonalities and deviations among different regions throughout the world, covering services from Europe, Asia, and North America. There is a wide range of studies on this subject, with a particular focus on single lines or smaller regions. If your child isn't reading great literary works, #classics, #science, #economics, and #history, they will not have a useful foundation to compete in adulthood.The development of high-speed rail (HSR) services throughout the last decades has gradually blurred the concept of competition and cooperation with air transportation. I highly recommend that parents stay involved in their children's education. Anything less is an abdication of the responsibilities of educators.

It is essential that schools concentrate you the development of skills that will enable young minds to achieve and compete in the world. What I like most in this example is that the underlying lesson is that you can confront problems from different perspectives and still reach the desired solution. #Reading and #Mathematics proficiency is and should be a high priority in educational curriculums. #Children need to be taught vital #skills. “The purpose of education is to give the student the intellectual tools to analyze, whether verbally or numerically, and to reach conclusions based on logic and evidence.” The greatest success stories were created by people who recognized a problem and turned it into an opportunity.'. 'Each problem has hidden in it an opportunity so powerful that it literally dwarfs the problem.

Wang transdata